Tuesday, October 27, 2026

20261028 CDTL NRM D120 20 October 1975 120. Bản ghi nhớ cuộc Hội đàm.

20261028 CDTL NRM D120 20 October 1975 120. Bản ghi nhớ cuộc Hội đàm.


https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/d120

Google Translated

Tài liệu 120

Quan hệ Đối ngoại Hoa Kỳ, 1969–1976, Tập XVIII, Trung Quốc, 1973–1976

120. Bản ghi nhớ cuộc Hội đàm.

Washington, ngày 17 tháng 10 năm 1975, 9:30–10:47 sáng

THÀNH PHẦN THAM GIA

Tổng thống Ford

Tiến sĩ Henry A. Kissinger, Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao kiêm Trợ lý Tổng thống phụ trách các vấn đề An ninh Quốc gia

Trung tướng Brent Scowcroft, Phó Trợ lý Tổng thống phụ trách các vấn đề An ninh Quốc gia

CHỦ ĐỀ

Tầu cộng; Trung Đông; Chuyến thăm của ông Sadat

[Phần thảo luận không liên quan đến Tầu cộng đã được lược bỏ.]

Kissinger: Trong chuyến đi Tầu cộng sắp tới của tôi [19–23 tháng 10],2 tôi đề xuất sẽ đàm phán về thông cáo chung cho chuyến thăm của ngài, để ngài không phải trực tiếp thực hiện việc đó. Thông cáo Thượng Hải trước đây gồm ba phần: các tuyên bố đơn phương, tuyên bố chống bá quyền, và phần song phương—bao gồm các tuyên bố về vấn đề Đài Loan. Cách diễn đạt đó thực sự rất khéo léo.

Kết quả nào có thể đạt được từ chuyến thăm của ngài? Khó có thể tiến tới bình thường hóa hoàn toàn, mặc dù ông Nixon từng hứa rằng chúng ta sẽ thực hiện điều đó vào năm 1976. Tuy nhiên, chúng ta có thể củng cố tuyên bố chống bá quyền. Về vấn đề Đài Loan, chúng ta có hai phương án: Một là để Cộng hòa Nhân dân Tầu cộng nêu lập trường của họ—bao gồm cả việc thay đổi bằng phương thức hòa bình—còn chúng ta nêu mong muốn bình thường hóa, đồng thời ghi nhận quan điểm của họ và bày tỏ mong muốn cùng tìm kiếm giải pháp dựa trên nguyên tắc "một Tầu cộng ". Các cộng sự của tôi ủng hộ phương án này, nhưng cá nhân tôi thì không. Phía Tầu cộng chắc chắn sẽ bác bỏ, và khi đó chúng ta cần một phương án dự phòng. Nếu họ bác bỏ, áp lực đòi bình thường hóa hoàn toàn sẽ gia tăng, vì họ đã chấp nhận phương thức thay đổi hòa bình. Phương án thứ hai là nhắc lại nội dung Thông cáo Thượng Hải, nhưng thay vì dùng cụm từ "Hoa Kỳ không thách thức lập trường này", chúng ta sẽ khẳng định tư tưởng "một Tầu cộng ". Đây là tuyên bố đơn phương và có thể rút lại. Cách làm này sẽ hạn chế khả năng chúng ta công nhận một Đài Loan độc lập; tuy nhiên, nếu muốn làm điều đó, chúng ta cũng chỉ có thể thực hiện trong bối cảnh xảy ra một cuộc đối đầu toàn diện với Cộng hòa Nhân dân Tầu cộng mà thôi.

Tổng thống: Xét về mặt chính trị, phương án nào tốt hơn?

Kissinger: Tôi nghĩ là vậy.

Scowcroft: Tôi nghĩ điều đó không còn gì phải bàn cãi.

Kissinger: Phương án đầu tiên là quan điểm nhất trí của các cố vấn của tôi, nhưng tôi không ủng hộ nó. Một khi chấp nhận phương án đó, chúng ta sẽ chịu áp lực phải hành động vì họ đã chấp nhận sự thay đổi trong hòa bình. Phe cấp tiến sẽ gây sức ép lên chúng ta.

Tổng thống: Người Nhật sẽ nói gì nếu Tầu cộng cố gắng chiếm Đài Loan?

Kissinger: Họ muốn chúng ta bảo vệ Đài Loan trong khi chính họ vẫn giao thương với Đài Loan. Tình trạng hiện nay, khi chúng ta bảo vệ Đài Loan, là tốt nhất cho tất cả các bên.

Tổng thống: Chúng ta sẽ làm gì trong 4 ngày rưỡi ở Tầu cộng?

Kissinger: Họ làm việc với nhịp độ thong thả. Họ sẽ muốn nghe ông trình bày chi tiết về tình hình thế giới—không gì có thể thay thế được điều đó. Họ sẽ mong đợi một phiên thảo luận dài về Liên Xô, Châu Âu và Châu Á. Nếu ông đến đó vào thứ Hai, họ sẽ tổ chức tiệc tối vào tối thứ Hai; các sự kiện tiếp theo sẽ bao gồm một buổi biểu diễn văn hóa, một bữa tiệc đáp lễ, và một buổi tối tự do.

Tổng thống: Sức khỏe của Chu Ân Lai thì sao?

Kissinger: Có lẽ ông ấy đang ở giai đoạn cuối đời. Ông sẽ gặp Mao Trạch Đông. Tô Châu rất đẹp; Hàng Châu cũng vậy. Chắc chắn họ sẽ muốn ông đến Thượng Hải.

Tổng thống: Chuyến đi đầu tiên của Nixon là một sự kiện cực kỳ hoành tráng. Truyền hình đã đưa tin rầm rộ. Tôi nghĩ làm điều gì đó khác biệt sẽ hay hơn. Có hoạt động nào mang tính ấn tượng không? Hãy thử tìm xem có gì khác biệt không.

Kissinger: Tại sao tôi không gợi ý với họ rằng ông muốn thực hiện một hoạt động mà Nixon chưa từng làm? Tây An là cố đô đầu tiên và ở đó đang có các hoạt động khai quật khảo cổ.

Tổng thống: Điều đó có thể thu hút sự chú ý của truyền hình.

[Phần thảo luận về Trung Đông đã được lược bỏ tại đây.]

1.   Nguồn: Thư viện Ford, Hồ sơ Ghi chép Cuộc họp của Cố vấn An ninh Quốc gia, Hộp 16, tháng 7–tháng 10 năm 1975. Mật; Nhạy cảm. Cuộc họp diễn ra tại Phòng Bầu dục.↩

2.   Các phần trong ngoặc vuông là nguyên văn từ tài liệu gốc.↩

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

1.   Document 120

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVIII, China, 1973–1976

120. Memorandum of Conversation1

Washington, October 17, 1975, 9:30–10:47 a.m.

PARTICIPANTS

·       President Ford

·       Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

·       Lt. General Brent Scowcroft, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

SUBJECT

·       China; Middle East; Sadat Visit

[Omitted here is discussion unrelated to China.]

Kissinger: On my China trip [October 19–23],2 I would propose negotiating the communiqué of your trip so you don’t have to do it. The Shanghai one had three parts: unilateral statements, an anti-hegemony statement, and a bilateral section—including statements on Taiwan. That language was ingenious.

What can come from your visit? There can’t be complete normalization, although Nixon promised we would do it by 1976. But we can strengthen the anti-hegemony statement. On Taiwan, we have two options: One is to let the PRC state its position including peaceful change, we state our desire for normalization, and we note their view and our desire to work for a solution on the principle of one China. My staff likes this—I don’t. They will reject it and then we will need a fallback. If they do, there will be pressure for full normalization because they will have approved peaceful change. The second option is to restate the Shanghai Communiqué but instead of saying “the U.S. does not challenge this position,” we would affirm the one-China idea. That is unilateral and can be withdrawn. It would reduce our ability to recognize an independent Taiwan, but we could do that only in the context of a massive confrontation with the PRC anyway.

The President: Which formulation is better here politically?

Kissinger: I think mine is.

Scowcroft: I think there is no question about it.

Kissinger: The first option is the unanimous position of my advisors, but I don’t support it. Once you accept it, we will be under pressure [Page 752]to move because they have accepted peaceful change. We’ll have all the liberals on us.

The President: What would the Japanese say if the Chinese tried to take over Taiwan?

Kissinger: They want us to protect Taiwan while they trade with Taiwan. The present situation where we protect Taiwan is best for everyone.

The President: What will we be doing for 4½ days in China?

Kissinger: They move at a leisurely pace. They will want to hear at length from you about the world situation—there is no substitute for that. They will expect a long session on the Soviet Union, Europe, Asia. If you get there Monday, they will give a dinner Monday night; on the following events there will be one cultural show, a reciprocal dinner, and then one evening free.

The President: How about Chou’s health?

Kissinger: He may be on his last legs. You will meet with Mao. Soochow is nice; Hangchow is also. They will certainly want you to go to Shanghai.

The President: The first trip of Nixon was a tremendous extravaganza. There was massive television coverage. I think it would be good to do something different. What is there which is dramatic? See if you can find something different.

Kissinger: Why don’t I suggest to them that you would like something Nixon didn’t do? Sian is the first capital and there is excavating there.

The President: That might attract the television.

[Omitted here is discussion of the Middle East.]

1.   Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser Memcons, Box 16, July–October 1975. Secret; Sensitive. The meeting took place in the Oval Office.↩

2.   Brackets are in the original.↩

Thân thế (các) nhân vật

Chou En-lai, (Zhou Enlai)

Premier of the People’s Republic of China; member, Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party’s Political Bureau

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d139

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/memorandum-conversation-between-mao-zedong-zhou-enlai-and-henry-kissinger

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/zhou-enlai-talking-ho-chi-minh

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?f[0]=topics:86538&fo[0]=86538

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=topics%3A86538&fo%5B0%5D=86538

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=topics%3A86538&fo%5B0%5D=86538&page=1

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=topics%3A86538&fo%5B0%5D=86538&page=2

Tài liệu Chu Ân Lai yêu cầu Hoa Kỳ loại bỏ Tổng Thống Nguyễn Văn Thiệu và dùng Dương Văn Minh để lật đổ hai nền Đệ I và Đệ II VNCH.

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=people%3A84942&fo%5B0%5D=84942

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/discussion-between-zhou-enlai-and-le-duc-tho

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/89367/download

Ford, Gerald R.,

Republican Representative from Michigan until October 13, 1973; House Minority Leader until October 13, 1973; Vice President of the United States from October 13, 1973, until August 8, 1974; President of the United States from August 8, 1974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Minority_Leader

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_Republican_Conference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_of_the_House_Republican_Conference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/gerald-r-ford/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/gerald-r-ford-biography/

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/timeline.asp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford

https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/modern-biographical-files-ndl/modern-bios-f/ford-gerald.html

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/ford_vp_papers.asp

Henry A Kissinger

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs until November 3, 1975; also Secretary of State from September 21, 1973

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/20/bilderberg-meeting-group-lisbon-kissinger

https://www.theguardian.com/world/bilderberg

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve13/summary

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip

https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_node_featured/public/article/featured-image/kissinger-zhou-sm_0.jpg?itok=qDjPx2_m

https://china.usc.edu/catalog/documents/us-china

http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2001/nr01-47.html

https://china.usc.edu/talking-points-july-22-august-3-2011

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#meetings

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#nixon-announcement

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#chinese-accept

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#signals

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#the_aim

http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23927/richard-m-nixon/asia-after-viet-nam

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d4

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d12

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d13

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d141

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War

Lesson in Vietnam from Kissinger to Nixon: “when we made it “our war” we would not let the South Vietnamese fight it; when it again became “their war”, we would not help them fight it.”

(We also had trouble with excesses here: when we made it “our war” we would not let the South Vietnamese fight it; when it again became “their war,” we would not help them fight it. Ironically, we prepared the South Vietnamese for main force warfare after 1954 (anticipating another Korean-type attack), and they faced a political war; they had prepared themselves for political warfare after 1973 only to be faced with a main force invasion 20 years after it had been expected.)

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d280

Lesson of Vietnam May 12 1975 by Henry A. Kissinger

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/exhibits/vietnam/032400091-002.pdf

https://thebattleofkontum.com/extras/kissinger.html

“Richard M. Nixon and Kissinger on 3 August 1972,” Conversation 760-006, Presidential Recordings Digital Edition [Fatal Politics, ed. Ken Huges] (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014-). URL:https://prde.upress.virginia.edu/conversations/4006748 

https://player.vimeo.com/video/889937807?h=e44572c8f3&color=e57200&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0

https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/nixon-kissinger-and-the-decent-interval

https://player.vimeo.com/video/889937807?h=e44572c8f3&color=e57200&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0

Discover the Truth at:

http://www.theblackvault.com

https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-cias-vietnam-document-cd-rom/

The secret life of Henry Kissinger minutes of a 1975 meeting with Lawrence Eagleburger

https://etan.org/news/kissinger/secret.htm

Henry Kissinger and the Truth About Negotiations In Vietnam

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5fxxKVfX5g

Henry Kissinger - Secrets of a superpower | DW Documentary

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWVMTKeAwlA

The Untold Truth of Henry Kissinger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iheZdvWdbI&t=1s

Was Henry Kissinger a War Criminal?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COqq7862wcU&t=25s

Nixon Richard M.,

Vice President of the United States

https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon

https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/14-nov-68-lbj-and-nixon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/sets/14-november-1968-president-lyndon-johnson-and-president-elect-richard-nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/notes-indicate-nixon-interfered-1968-peace-talks-180961627/

https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/26l17xNsW8a8pOyGibbKE-32dgE=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/f4/cb/f4cb92c9-4131-4e0f-ae4a-307144393214/nixoncampaigns.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/peopleevents/e_paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-suggest-3595441/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21768668

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/09/dont_blame_nixon_for_scuttled_peace_overture_127667.html

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/bundy.htm

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/toc.htm

Nixon, Richard M.,

President of the United States

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon

https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/14-nov-68-lbj-and-nixon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/sets/14-november-1968-president-lyndon-johnson-and-president-elect-richard-nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/notes-indicate-nixon-interfered-1968-peace-talks-180961627/

https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/26l17xNsW8a8pOyGibbKE-32dgE=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/f4/cb/f4cb92c9-4131-4e0f-ae4a-307144393214/nixoncampaigns.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/peopleevents/e_paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-suggest-3595441/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21768668

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/09/dont_blame_nixon_for_scuttled_peace_overture_127667.html

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/bundy.htm

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/toc.htm

Nixon had a Trip to China from February 21 to 28 1972,

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/nixons-trip-china

http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10a.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10b.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1a.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1b.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-21-56.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10a.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10b.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1a.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1b.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-21-56.mp3

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault-vietnam/2023-03-24/movement-and-madman

The Vietnam War Johnson and Nixon Administrations Videos

March 2, 2016 Last Aired May 5, 2016

Reflections on Richard Nixon

https://www.c-span.org/program/the-presidency/reflections-on-richard-nixon/431130

July 16, 1973 Last Aired July 22, 2013

Senate Watergate Committee Testimony

https://www.c-span.org/program/vignette/senate-watergate-committee-testimony/316346

April 26, 2016 Last Aired June 5, 2016

Vietnam War Commander in Chief

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/vietnam-war-commanders-in-chief/439971

June 12, 2008 Last Aired July 22, 2013

Alexander Butterfield Oral History Interview, Part 2

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/alexander-butterfield-oral-history-interview-part-2/258425

June 12, 2008 Last Aired July 15, 2013

Alexander Butterfield Oral History Interview, Part 1

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/alexander-butterfield-oral-history-interview-part-1/257651

January 27, 2012 Last Aired June 11, 2012

President Nixon's Secret White House Tapes

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/president-nixons-secret-white-house-tapes/277123

July 25, 1994 Last Aired June 20, 2008

Watergate: Corruption of American Politics

https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/watergate-corruption-of-american-politics/119480

February 16, 2003 Last Aired December 25, 2003

Presidential Tapes: Taping Systems History

https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/presidential-tapes-taping-systems-history/122572

Alexander Butterfield: The 60 Minutes Watergate Interview (1975)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss9AkLUmM4g

Watergate Hearing: Alexander Butterfield Testimony

https://www.c-span.org/clip/congress-investigates/watergate-hearing-alexander-butterfield-testimony/5118203

Alexander Butterfield Was ‘Worried To Death’ Testifying Against Nixon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c52oIe3Gj6w

How Nixon’s Invasion of Cambodia Triggered a Check on Presidential Power

Vietnam War Cambodia and Laos

https://www.history.com/articles/nixon-war-powers-act-vietnam-war-cambodia

Nixon's Vietnam Visit 1965, Rare Film Unearthed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaTi8OEpINI

Nixon on LBJ and Vietnam: Where Did It All Go Wrong?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n-4o3vOYD4

1969 July 30_Tổng Thống Hoa Kỳ 🇺🇸 Richard M. Nixon Thăm Việt Nam Cộng Hoà.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRp4v6M6YJw&t=19s

Scowcroft, Brent,

General, USAF, Military Assistant to the President until 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from August 1973 until 1975

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/brent-scowcroft-and-american-military-intervention/

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/blame-it-on-the-blob-how-to-evaluate-american-grand-strategy/

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/about-asg/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/piab/

https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bartholomew-sparrow/the-strategist/9781586489632/

http://web1.millercenter.org/poh/transcripts/ohp_1999_1112_scowcroft.pdf

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/us/politics/brent-scowcroft.html

https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/remembering-brent-scowcrofts-accomplishments-on-arms-control

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-13/scowcroft-model

https://archive.org/stream/towercommission00unit?ref=ol#mode/2up

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/253135/the-man-who-ran-washington-by-peter-baker-and-susan-glasser/9780385540551

https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/philip-zelikow/to-build-a-better-world/9781538764688/

https://toda.org/assets/files/resources/policy-briefs/t-pb-23_susan-koch_presidential-nuclear-initiatives-1991-92.pdf

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/617544/margaret-thatcher-volume-3-by-charles-moore/9780241324745

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.amazon.com/When-World-Seemed-New-George-dp-1328511650/dp/1328511650/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/22029/a-world-transformed-by-george-hw--bush-and-brent-scowcroft/

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/War-in-a-Time-of-Peace/David-Halberstam/9781501141508

https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Inderfurth,Karl%20F.toc.pdf

https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1029371773228069195

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/25/opinion/the-right-way-to-change-a-regime.html

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/592622/to-start-a-war-by-robert-draper/

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de9b/be3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf

https://www.ft.com/content/de843f6e-0be1-4667-8a9f-f397cf840e72

https://www.houseofnames.com/brent-family-crest

https://www.houseofnames.com/dpreview/BRENT/EN/Brent/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png

https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/prod/520x520/surnamecomplete_gold.webp

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/lt-general-brent-scowcroft/

https://dpaa-mil.sites.crmforce.mil/dpaaProfile?id=a0Jt000000sxxIFEAY

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/7505562.pdf

https://news.virginia.edu/content/uvas-miller-center-releases-secret-brent-scowcroft-oral-history

https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/08/the-quiet-mastermind-how-brent-scowcroft-redefined-the-art-of-grand-strategy

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