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20260813 CDTL NRM D44 24 July 1973 44. Công hàm của Chính phủ Hoa Kỳ gửi Chính phủ Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa.

20260813 CDTL NRM D44 24 July 1973 44. Công hàm của Chính phủ Hoa Kỳ gửi Chính phủ Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa.


https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/d44

Google Translated

Tài liệu số 44

Quan hệ Đối ngoại của Hoa Kỳ, 1969–1976, Tập XVIII, Trung Quốc, 1973–1976

44. Công hàm của Chính phủ Hoa Kỳ gửi Chính phủ Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa

Washington, ngày 24 tháng 7 năm 1973.

Phía Hoa Kỳ liên tục tìm kiếm một lệnh ngừng bắn và giải pháp chính trị ở Campuchia kể từ Hiệp định Paris ngày 27 tháng 1. Phía bên kia liên tục từ chối chấm dứt chiến tranh ở Campuchia và đáp trả lệnh ngừng bắn đơn phương do chính phủ Phnom Penh tuyên bố và việc Hoa Kỳ ngừng các hoạt động không kích ở Campuchia vào tháng Hai bằng một cuộc tấn công quân sự tăng cường. [Trang 306]

Phía Tầu cộng tuyên bố với phía Hoa Kỳ trong thông điệp ngày 4 tháng 6 rằng họ sẽ chuyển đề nghị hòa bình của Hoa Kỳ ngày 27 tháng 5 cho Thái tử Sihanouk. Đề xuất này chấp nhận một đề nghị lâu nay của Tầu cộng về các cuộc đàm phán trực tiếp với Thái tử Sihanouk được đưa ra trong mỗi chuyến thăm Bắc Kinh của Tiến sĩ Kissinger. Nội dung của thông điệp ngày 4 tháng 6 đã được Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Chi P’eng-fei nhắc lại vào ngày 13 tháng 6 và một lần nữa trong thông điệp của Tầu cộng ngày 6 tháng 7, rằng điều này chỉ chờ Thái tử Sihanouk trở về từ các chuyến đi của mình. Vào ngày 6 tháng 7, Đại sứ Huang Chen tuyên bố rằng phía Tầu cộng sẽ chuyển đề nghị của Hoa Kỳ cho Thái tử Sihanouk ngay khi ông trở về Bắc Kinh.

Do đó, thông điệp ngày 18 tháng 7 của phía Tầu cộng đã gây ra sự ngạc nhiên lớn. Chính sách cũng như các hoạt động của Hoa Kỳ hoàn toàn không có gì thay đổi. Xét đến những cam kết trước đó cùng các nguyên tắc và tinh thần của Thông cáo Thượng Hải, thật khó hiểu tại sao phía Tầu cộng lại không thể chuyển một đề nghị hòa bình của Hoa Kỳ tới một nhà lãnh đạo đang có mặt tại Bắc Kinh. Việc nhà lãnh đạo này công khai yêu cầu mọi thông tin liên lạc gửi cho ông phải thông qua Mauritania – quốc gia mà chính phía Tầu cộng đã không tin tưởng giao phó văn bản gốc của thông điệp Hoa Kỳ ngày 27 tháng 5 – là điều hoàn toàn vô lý. Tình huống này gây ra những khó khăn đặc biệt, bởi lẽ do tin tưởng vào công hàm ngày 4 tháng 6 cùng các cam kết sau đó, Hoa Kỳ đã không tiến hành bất kỳ cuộc đàm phán nào khác hay phúc đáp qua bất kỳ kênh liên lạc nào khác.

Về nội dung công hàm ngày 18 tháng 7 của Tầu cộng, phía Tầu cộng hẳn sẽ không ngạc nhiên khi phía Mỹ bác bỏ một "giải pháp" mang tính áp đặt bất lợi cho mình một cách tùy tiện như vậy. Điều này đi ngược lại các nguyên tắc về sự có đi có lại và bình đẳng. Thật phi lý khi bị yêu cầu đàm phán về một vấn đề mà ngay từ đầu, bên kia đã thể hiện rõ ràng là không hề có dư địa cho đàm phán. Trong bối cảnh đó, phía Mỹ sẽ để các bên Campuchia tự giải quyết việc đàm phán.

1.    Nguồn: Cơ quan Lưu trữ Quốc gia, Tài liệu Tổng thống Nixon, Hồ sơ NSC, Hồ sơ Văn phòng Kissinger, Hộp 95, Hồ sơ Quốc gia, Viễn Đông, Các trao đổi với Tầu cộng, ngày 10 tháng 7 – ngày 31 tháng 10 năm 1973 [tập 2/2]. Không có dấu phân loại mật. Theo một ghi chú viết tay, Scowcroft đã chuyển mảnh giấy này cho Hàn Tự (Han Xu) trong cuộc họp ngày 24 tháng 7, diễn ra tại Phòng MAPTòa Bạch Ốc lúc 6 giờ chiều. (Biên bản ghi chép cuộc trao đổi, ngày 24 tháng 7; tài liệu đã dẫn, Hộp 1027, Biên bản cuộc trao đổi của Tổng thống/HAK, Biên bản cuộc trao đổi HAK & Tổng thống, tháng 4 – tháng 11 năm 1973 [tập 3/5]) Scowcroft cũng truyền đạt một thông điệp bằng lời: “Chính phủ tôi ghi nhận với sự tiếc nuối rằng đây là lần đầu tiên trong quá trình phát triển mối quan hệ mới giữa hai bên, cam kết của phía Tầu cộng đã không được thực hiện.” (Thư viện Ford, Cố vấn An ninh Quốc gia, Hồ sơ Văn phòng Cánh Tây Kissinger–Scowcroft, 1969–1977, Hộp 4, Các trao đổi với Tầu cộng) Vào ngày 25 tháng 7, Scowcroft thông báo cho Hàn Tự rằng Kissinger không thể đến Tầu cộng vào ngày 16 tháng 8 và đề xuất thay thế bằng chuyến thăm vào các ngày 13–16 tháng 9 hoặc 6–9 tháng 9. (Tài liệu đã dẫn)

2.    Xem chú thích 4 và 5, Tài liệu 43.

3.    Để biết thêm thông tin về cuộc gặp ngày 13 tháng 6 giữa KissingerCơ Bằng Phi (Ji Pengfei), xem Tài liệu 36. Đối với công hàm ngày 6 tháng 7 và cuộc gặp giữa KissingerHoàng (Huang), xem Tài liệu 41.

4.    Xem chú thích 2, Tài liệu 43. Thông điệp qua kênh không chính thức số 19 gửi tới Bắc Kinh ngày 18 tháng 7 nhận xét công hàm của phía Trung Quốc là tương đối “gay gắt”, đề nghị ý kiến ​​tư vấn từ USLO (Văn phòng Liên lạc Hoa Kỳ), và đề xuất rằng “Vào thứ Hai hoặc thứ Ba [ngày 23 hoặc 24 tháng 7], Đại sứ Bruce sẽ chuyển một phản hồi cứng rắn đối với công hàm của họ về vấn đề Campuchia, bày tỏ sự ngạc nhiên và đề nghị thảo luận cơ bản về toàn bộ các khía cạnh trong quan hệ Mỹ–Trung.” (Cơ quan Lưu trữ Quốc gia, Tài liệu Tổng thống Nixon, Hồ sơ NSC, Hồ sơ Văn phòng Kissinger, Hộp 95, Hồ sơ Quốc gia, Viễn Đông, Các trao đổi với Tầu cộng, 10/7–31/10/1973 [tập 2/2]) Trong thông điệp kênh riêng số 21 gửi Bắc Kinh ngày 19 tháng 7, Jenkins và Holdridge phúc đáp: “Chúng tôi không coi đây là một thông điệp gay gắt, mà đúng hơn là sự tái khẳng định lập trường kiên định của Tầu cộng.” Họ đặt câu hỏi liệu có phải một kỳ Đại hội Đảng sắp diễn ra hay không, đồng thời nhận định: “Phía Tầu cộng đánh giá rằng chúng ta đang ở thế yếu tại Campuchia. Họ chắc chắn đã rất tức giận trước đợt leo thang ném bom gần đây của chúng ta, chưa kể đến sự phẫn nộ của Chu Ân Lai khi nghe Magnuson khuyên nên ‘kiên nhẫn’ ngay trong lúc các cuộc oanh tạc đó đang diễn ra.” (Sđd.)

Sources

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/sources

Abbreviations and Terms

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/terms

Persons

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/persons

China, 1973–1976

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/comp1

Political Turmoil in the United States, June 1973–September 1974 (Documents 35–87)

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/ch2

1.    Document 44

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVIII, China, 1973–1976

44. Note From the Government of the United States to the Government of the People’s Republic of China1

Washington, July 24, 1973.

The US side has consistently sought a ceasefire and political settlement in Cambodia since the January 27 Paris Agreement. The other side has continually refused to end the war in Cambodia and responded to the unilateral ceasefire proclaimed by the Phnom Penh government and the cessation of US air actions in Cambodia in February with an intensified military offensive.

[Page 306]

The Chinese side declared to the US side in its message of June 4 that it would communicate the US peace proposal of May 27 to Prince Sihanouk.2 This proposal accepted a long-standing Chinese suggestion for direct talks with Prince Sihanouk made during every visit by Dr. Kissinger to Peking. The contents of the June 4 message were reiterated on June 13 by Foreign Minister Chi P’eng-fei and again in the Chinese message of July 6, that this awaited only the return of Prince Sihanouk from his travels. On July 6, Ambassador Huang Chen declared that the Chinese side would convey the US proposal to Prince Sihanouk now that he had returned to Peking.3

The Chinese message of July 18 has therefore been noted with astonishment.4 There has been no change in US policy and no increase in US activities. In light of these earlier assurances, and the principles and spirit of the Shanghai Communiqué difficult to understand why the Chinese side is unable to communicate an American peace proposal to a leader located in Peking. It is utterly unreasonable that this leader should publicly demand that communications to him go through Mauritania to which the Chinese side would not entrust the original US communication of May 27. This raises special difficulties because in reliance on the June 4 note and subsequent assurances, the US had not engaged in any other negotiations or responded to any other channels.

As to the substance of the Chinese note of July 18, the Chinese side will not be surprised that the US side rejects a “solution” so arbitrarily weighted against it. This is inconsistent with the requirements of reciprocity and equality. It is beyond the bounds of logic to be asked to negotiate on an issue when the other side, clearly and from the outset, leaves no room for negotiations. In such circumstances the US side will leave negotiations to the Cambodian parties.

1.    Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 95, Country Files, Far East, China Exchanges, July 10–October 31 1973 [2 of 2]. No classification marking. According to a handwritten notation, Scowcroft passed the note to Han Xu during a July 24 meeting, which took place in the MAP Room at the White House at 6 p.m. (Memorandum of conversation, July24; ibid., Box 1027, Presidential/HAK MemCons, MemCons-HAK& Presidential, April–November 1973 [3 of 5]) Scowcroft also communicated an oral message: “My Government notes, with regret, that this is the first time in the development of our new relationship that the Chinese word has not counted.” (Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Kissinger–Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–1977, Box 4, China Exchanges) On July 25, Scowcroft informed Han that Kissinger could not arrive in China on August 16 and proposed instead that Kissinger visit September 13–16 or September 6–9. (Ibid.)

2.    See footnotes 4 and 5, Document 43.

3.    For additional information concerning Kissinger’s June 13 meeting with Ji Pengfei, see Document 36. For the July 6 note and meeting between Kissinger and Huang, see Document 41.

4.    See footnote 2, Document 43. Backchannel message 19 to Beijing, July 18, referred to the Chinese note as relatively “brutal,” asked the advice of the USLO, and proposed that “On Monday or Tuesday [July 23 or 24] Ambassador Bruce would pass a harsh response to their Cambodia note, express his astonishment and offer a fundamental discussion of the full range of US/Chinese relations.” (National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 95, Country Files, Far East, China Exchanges, July 10–Oct. 31, 1973 [2 of 2]) In backchannel message 21 to Beijing, July 19, Jenkins and Holdridge responded: “We do not read this as a brutal message, but rather a restatement of a firm Chinese position.” They questioned whether a Party Congress might be about to occur and also noted, “Chinese calculate we are in weak position in Cambodia. They were unquestionably angered by our last spurt of intensified bombing, not to mention Chou’s anger produced by Magnuson’s counseling ‘patience’ while that was going on.” (Ibid.)

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/d44

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/pg_306

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/d43fn5

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/d41

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/d43fn2

Thân thế (các) nhân vật

Bruce, David K.E.,

Head of the U.S. Delegation to the (plenary) Paris Peace Talks from July 1970 until July 1971

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce

https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/bruce

https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/02/archives/nixon-appoints-bruce-as-leader-at-peace-talks-says-on-tv-he-has-no.html

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v07/d41

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bruce-david-kirkpatrick-este

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v42/persons

https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/235113/

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/upi_vietnam/95/ 

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priscilla-Roberts-2/publication/314258867_%27I_Begin_to_Think_of_Myself_as_a_Marco_Polo%27_David_Bruce_in_China_1973-1974_Occasional_paper_No_1_Keele_David_Bruce_Centre_for_American_Studies_Keele_University_1999/links/58f39faea6fdcc11e569f1b0/I-Begin-to-Think-of-Myself-as-a-Marco-Polo-David-Bruce-in-China-1973-1974-Occasional-paper-No-1-Keele-David-Bruce-Centre-for-American-Studies-Keele-University-1999.pdf

Chi P’eng-fei, Ji Pengfei (Chi P’eng-fei),

Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China, until April 1971; Acting Foreign Minister until February 1972; Foreign Minister from February 1972

PRC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs until April 1971; Acting Foreign Minister until February 1972; Foreign Minister from February 1972 to November 1974

https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zy/wjrw/3606_665551/202405/t20240531_11367614.html

https://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/item/cuhk-3011805

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Pengfei

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AE%B8%E5%AF%92%E5%86%B0/5638890?lemmaFrom=lemma_relation_starMap&fromModule=lemma_relation-starMap&lemmaIdFrom=1485566

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A7%AC%E8%83%9C%E5%BE%B7/12677588?lemmaFrom=lemma_relation_starMap&fromModule=lemma_relation-starMap&lemmaIdFrom=1485566

Chou En-lai, (Zhou Enlai)

Premier of the People’s Republic of China; member, Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party’s Political Bureau

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d139

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/memorandum-conversation-between-mao-zedong-zhou-enlai-and-henry-kissinger

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/zhou-enlai-talking-ho-chi-minh

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?f[0]=topics:86538&fo[0]=86538

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=topics%3A86538&fo%5B0%5D=86538

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=topics%3A86538&fo%5B0%5D=86538&page=1

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=topics%3A86538&fo%5B0%5D=86538&page=2

Tài liệu Chu Ân Lai yêu cầu Hoa Kỳ loại bỏ Tổng Thống Nguyễn Văn Thiệu và dùng Dương Văn Minh để lật đổ hai nền Đệ I và Đệ II VNCH.

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search?search_api_fulltext=&items_per_page=100&sort_bef_combine=created_DESC&f%5B0%5D=people%3A84942&fo%5B0%5D=84942

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/discussion-between-zhou-enlai-and-le-duc-tho

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/89367/download

Han Xu (Han Hsu),

Deputy Head of the PRC Liaison Office in the United States from 1973

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100323.pdf

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/persons

https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/58094

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-uplo/files/books/934/416ef3c1-6c7a-4586-b2ec-709a41760bbf.pdf

https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA279207.pdf

https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ForeignPolicyRev603.pdf?x97961

Holdridge, John Herbert.,

member, National Security Council Operations staff/East Asia until April 1973; co-Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Beijing from 1973 until 1975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Holdridge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Indonesia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Republic_of_Singapore

https://www.uscpf.org/v2/johnholdridge.html

https://www.nndb.com/people/033/000127649/

https://www.uscpf.org/v2/holdridgebio.html

Huang Chen

PRC Ambassador to France until March 1973; Chief of the PRC Liaison Office in the United States from March 1973

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Zhen

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Huang_Zhen

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/72591.pdf

https://mediaclip.ina.fr/en/i24024268-huang-chen-the-traditional-friendship-of-the-french-and-chinese-peoples.html

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB23.pdf

https://www.facebook.com/NixonPresidentialLibrary/posts/otd-5301973-president-nixon-met-to-discuss-us-china-relations-with-dr-henry-kiss/1102544875230224/

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/1552743.pdf

https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/236303/

https://cutt.ly/3tezOe3t

https://mediaclip.ina.fr/en/caf97507056-credentials-huang-chen-at-the-elysee.html

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve13/d12

Jenkins, Alfred Le S.,

staff member, National Security Council, from July 1966

https://www.discoverlbj.org/exhibits/show/loh/pres/nsf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Jenkins

https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/history.html

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v29p1/persons

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v29p1/d123

Henry A Kissinger

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs until November 3, 1975; also Secretary of State from September 21, 1973

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/20/bilderberg-meeting-group-lisbon-kissinger

https://www.theguardian.com/world/bilderberg

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve13/summary

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip

https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_node_featured/public/article/featured-image/kissinger-zhou-sm_0.jpg?itok=qDjPx2_m

https://china.usc.edu/catalog/documents/us-china

http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2001/nr01-47.html

https://china.usc.edu/talking-points-july-22-august-3-2011

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#meetings

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#nixon-announcement

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#chinese-accept

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#signals

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#the_aim

http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23927/richard-m-nixon/asia-after-viet-nam

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d4

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d12

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d13

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d141

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War

Lesson in Vietnam from Kissinger to Nixon: “when we made it “our war” we would not let the South Vietnamese fight it; when it again became “their war”, we would not help them fight it.”

(We also had trouble with excesses here: when we made it “our war” we would not let the South Vietnamese fight it; when it again became “their war,” we would not help them fight it. Ironically, we prepared the South Vietnamese for main force warfare after 1954 (anticipating another Korean-type attack), and they faced a political war; they had prepared themselves for political warfare after 1973 only to be faced with a main force invasion 20 years after it had been expected.)

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d280

Lesson of Vietnam May 12 1975 by Henry A. Kissinger

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/exhibits/vietnam/032400091-002.pdf

https://thebattleofkontum.com/extras/kissinger.html

“Richard M. Nixon and Kissinger on 3 August 1972,” Conversation 760-006, Presidential Recordings Digital Edition [Fatal Politics, ed. Ken Huges] (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014-). URL:https://prde.upress.virginia.edu/conversations/4006748 

https://player.vimeo.com/video/889937807?h=e44572c8f3&color=e57200&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0

https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/nixon-kissinger-and-the-decent-interval

https://player.vimeo.com/video/889937807?h=e44572c8f3&color=e57200&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0

Discover the Truth at:

http://www.theblackvault.com

https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-cias-vietnam-document-cd-rom/

The secret life of Henry Kissinger minutes of a 1975 meeting with Lawrence Eagleburger

https://etan.org/news/kissinger/secret.htm

Henry Kissinger and the Truth About Negotiations In Vietnam

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5fxxKVfX5g

Henry Kissinger - Secrets of a superpower | DW Documentary

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWVMTKeAwlA

The Untold Truth of Henry Kissinger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iheZdvWdbI&t=1s

Was Henry Kissinger a War Criminal?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COqq7862wcU&t=25s

Magnuson, Warren,

Democratic Senator from Washington State

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Magnuson

https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/M/MAGNUSON,-Warren-Grant-(M000053)/

https://www.congress.gov/member/warren-magnuson/M000053

https://www.sos.wa.gov/legacy/legacymakers/detail.aspx?personid=777

https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/warren_magnuson/407081

https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2026/07/22/warren-magnuson-washingtons-legislative-powerhouse/

https://news.prairiepublic.org/show/dakota-datebook-archive/2022-05-02/warren-magnuson-wa-senator

https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/128095/Warren_Grant_Magnuson.html

Nixon Richard M.,

Vice President of the United States

https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon

https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/14-nov-68-lbj-and-nixon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/sets/14-november-1968-president-lyndon-johnson-and-president-elect-richard-nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/notes-indicate-nixon-interfered-1968-peace-talks-180961627/

https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/26l17xNsW8a8pOyGibbKE-32dgE=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/f4/cb/f4cb92c9-4131-4e0f-ae4a-307144393214/nixoncampaigns.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/peopleevents/e_paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-suggest-3595441/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21768668

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/09/dont_blame_nixon_for_scuttled_peace_overture_127667.html

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/bundy.htm

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/toc.htm

Nixon, Richard M.,

President of the United States

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon

https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/14-nov-68-lbj-and-nixon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/sets/14-november-1968-president-lyndon-johnson-and-president-elect-richard-nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/notes-indicate-nixon-interfered-1968-peace-talks-180961627/

https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/26l17xNsW8a8pOyGibbKE-32dgE=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/f4/cb/f4cb92c9-4131-4e0f-ae4a-307144393214/nixoncampaigns.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/peopleevents/e_paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-suggest-3595441/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21768668

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/09/dont_blame_nixon_for_scuttled_peace_overture_127667.html

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/bundy.htm

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/toc.htm

Nixon had a Trip to China from February 21 to 28 1972,

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/nixons-trip-china

http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10a.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10b.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1a.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1b.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-21-56.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10a.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10b.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1a.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1b.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-21-56.mp3

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault-vietnam/2023-03-24/movement-and-madman

The Vietnam War Johnson and Nixon Administrations Videos

March 2, 2016 Last Aired May 5, 2016

Reflections on Richard Nixon

https://www.c-span.org/program/the-presidency/reflections-on-richard-nixon/431130

July 16, 1973 Last Aired July 22, 2013

Senate Watergate Committee Testimony

https://www.c-span.org/program/vignette/senate-watergate-committee-testimony/316346

April 26, 2016 Last Aired June 5, 2016

Vietnam War Commander in Chief

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/vietnam-war-commanders-in-chief/439971

June 12, 2008 Last Aired July 22, 2013

Alexander Butterfield Oral History Interview, Part 2

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/alexander-butterfield-oral-history-interview-part-2/258425

June 12, 2008 Last Aired July 15, 2013

Alexander Butterfield Oral History Interview, Part 1

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/alexander-butterfield-oral-history-interview-part-1/257651

January 27, 2012 Last Aired June 11, 2012

President Nixon's Secret White House Tapes

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/president-nixons-secret-white-house-tapes/277123

July 25, 1994 Last Aired June 20, 2008

Watergate: Corruption of American Politics

https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/watergate-corruption-of-american-politics/119480

February 16, 2003 Last Aired December 25, 2003

Presidential Tapes: Taping Systems History

https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/presidential-tapes-taping-systems-history/122572

Alexander Butterfield: The 60 Minutes Watergate Interview (1975)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss9AkLUmM4g

Watergate Hearing: Alexander Butterfield Testimony

https://www.c-span.org/clip/congress-investigates/watergate-hearing-alexander-butterfield-testimony/5118203

Alexander Butterfield Was ‘Worried To Death’ Testifying Against Nixon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c52oIe3Gj6w

How Nixon’s Invasion of Cambodia Triggered a Check on Presidential Power

Vietnam War Cambodia and Laos

https://www.history.com/articles/nixon-war-powers-act-vietnam-war-cambodia

Nixon's Vietnam Visit 1965, Rare Film Unearthed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaTi8OEpINI

Nixon on LBJ and Vietnam: Where Did It All Go Wrong?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n-4o3vOYD4

1969 July 30_Tổng Thống Hoa Kỳ 🇺🇸 Richard M. Nixon Thăm Việt Nam Cộng Hoà.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRp4v6M6YJw&t=19s

Scowcroft, Brent,

General, USAF, Military Assistant to the President until 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from August 1973 until 1975

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/brent-scowcroft-and-american-military-intervention/

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/blame-it-on-the-blob-how-to-evaluate-american-grand-strategy/

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/about-asg/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/piab/

https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bartholomew-sparrow/the-strategist/9781586489632/

http://web1.millercenter.org/poh/transcripts/ohp_1999_1112_scowcroft.pdf

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/us/politics/brent-scowcroft.html

https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/remembering-brent-scowcrofts-accomplishments-on-arms-control

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-13/scowcroft-model

https://archive.org/stream/towercommission00unit?ref=ol#mode/2up

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/253135/the-man-who-ran-washington-by-peter-baker-and-susan-glasser/9780385540551

https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/philip-zelikow/to-build-a-better-world/9781538764688/

https://toda.org/assets/files/resources/policy-briefs/t-pb-23_susan-koch_presidential-nuclear-initiatives-1991-92.pdf

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/617544/margaret-thatcher-volume-3-by-charles-moore/9780241324745

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.amazon.com/When-World-Seemed-New-George-dp-1328511650/dp/1328511650/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/22029/a-world-transformed-by-george-hw--bush-and-brent-scowcroft/

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/War-in-a-Time-of-Peace/David-Halberstam/9781501141508

https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Inderfurth,Karl%20F.toc.pdf

https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1029371773228069195

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/25/opinion/the-right-way-to-change-a-regime.html

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/592622/to-start-a-war-by-robert-draper/

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de9b/be3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf

https://www.ft.com/content/de843f6e-0be1-4667-8a9f-f397cf840e72

https://www.houseofnames.com/brent-family-crest

https://www.houseofnames.com/dpreview/BRENT/EN/Brent/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png

https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/prod/520x520/surnamecomplete_gold.webp

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/lt-general-brent-scowcroft/

https://dpaa-mil.sites.crmforce.mil/dpaaProfile?id=a0Jt000000sxxIFEAY

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/7505562.pdf

https://news.virginia.edu/content/uvas-miller-center-releases-secret-brent-scowcroft-oral-history

https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/08/the-quiet-mastermind-how-brent-scowcroft-redefined-the-art-of-grand-strategy

Sihanouk, Prince Norodom,

Norodom Sihanouk,

King of Cambodia to March 1955, thereafter Prince of Cambodia; Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, October 1955–January 1956; Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, and Minister of the Interior, March–April 1956; Prime Minister, September–October 1956; Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Plans, and Minister of the Interior, April–July 1957

Cambodian Head of State until March 1970; thereafter, leader of Cambodian Government in exile in Beijing

Prince, Head of State of Cambodia until March 18, 1970; thereafter, leader of the Cambodian government-in-exile in Beijing (GRUNK)

4/11/75 - Phnom Penh Evacuation

 

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