Lãnh Thổ Lãnh Hải Việt-Nam: 20251226 CDTL Biên bản ghi nhớ đàm thoại Washington 6 March 1975 D183

20251226 CDTL Biên bản ghi nhớ đàm thoại Washington 6 March 1975 D183

183. Memorandum of Conversation1

Washington, March 6, 1975, 10 a.m.–12:50 p.m.

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d183

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_672

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_673

183. Memorandum of Conversation1

Washington, March 6, 1975, 10 a.m.–12:50 p.m.

PARTICIPANTS

The President
Senator John J. Sparkman (D–Alabama)
Senator Clifford P. Case (R–New Jersey)
Senator Hubert Humphrey (D–Minnesota)
John O. Marsh, Counselor to the President
Max Friedersdorf, Asst. to the Pres., Leg. Affairs
Lt. General Brent Scowcroft, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

SUBJECT

Aid to Cambodia

[General Scowcroft arrived late]

President: I am afraid we don’t have time and a different strategy must be tried. I understand you are thinking along the same line. Cliff called me . . .

Humphrey: We have been in close touch. We will have open hearings. I personally think Lon Nol is a dead duck. I have great sympathy for the Cambodian people. I think the only hope is for you or the Secretary to make a public effort for a ceasefire. These private efforts are not enough. I have talked to Habib and Larry. We know about them, but the Congress doesn’t and the people don’t.

Sparkman: Habib left me the same paper he made public. It looks like they are now trying to blame the Congress. I never heard of anything in ‘73. Did you, Cliff?

Case: No.

Humphrey: Let’s not hash over the past. I think all we can do is find a way to let it down easily and make it not look like a cop out. We have to make a public appeal for a ceasefire. We have to tell Lon Nol he must step aside. We must form a new government to negotiate with Sihanouk and the other side. We would have to give enough aid not to have them collapse. But we don’t have the votes. All we can do is waive the ceilings for a while.

[Page 672]

Sparkman: I disagree that we can ask Lon Nol to step down. I favor your proposal. I talked to Mahon the other day. I think an appeal for a ceasefire is okay.

Humphrey: But the Ambassador must tell Lon Nol he must be willing to step aside.

Sparkman: We can’t be in the position of running that government.

Case: I think there must be a public push by the President or the Secretary. I don’t think we can publicly push out Lon Nol. I think we must put out a summary of what we have done about Sihanouk—so that this is not a deathbed repentance. I agree the best we can get is lifting the ceiling. I think some words about Communist atrocities would be useful—those stories of putting heads on pikes. The press doesn’t cover this sort of thing—only American imperialism.

President: Even Bella was shaken by the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge. Millicent Fenwick said she had always opposed aid but you should hear her fear that hundreds of thousands will be massacred. The record shows our efforts—it doesn’t matter who is at fault. Bella said, “why not just give humanitarian aid?” I said “You can’t sort it out this way. You also have to send military and other aid.” I agree we need massive humanitarian aid if we can get the votes.

Humphrey: I agree.

Sparkman: Hatfield has a proposal for getting it in there under Title II.

President: Yes, but you have to give the people ammunition so that the thing won’t collapse. Brent, what is going on?

[Scowcroft described the current situation.]

Humphrey: We’ve got to change the scenery. We don’t have the votes. Get Long Boret in.

Sparkman: I don’t think it can be done openly. I hate the Hatfield idea.

Humphrey: I think we have to remove Lon Nol, form a government of national coalition, and publicly call for a ceasefire.

Sparkman: I agree, but it can’t be done publicly.

Case: If the President can say Lon Nol is not a barrier, that would help.

President: I am having a press conference.2 We will sort out what to say. Let’s give lots of humanitarian aid. But we have to give arms to keep them from collapse while negotiations are going on.

[Page 673]

Case: But I think we need to put out we have been making the effort over the past.

President: That we can do.

Sparkman: Shouldn’t we have the full committee today? I think we can get it through the committee following the President’s statement.

[There was further discussion about dumping Lon Nol]

Sparkman: Why not? According to the reports, the President is willing to step aside and form a coalition.

Humphrey: Put it on the Khmer Rouge—they have said they had to get rid of Lon Nol to negotiate. The government has said they would change if that is necessary to negotiate.

President: We have to give them ammunition to hold the perimeter.

Sparkman: I agree with Humphrey, but it has to be handled this way:

—Lay out the negotiating record;
—Work out a program to bring an effort to lift the ceiling on economic aid and military assistance.
—Move to an open offensive—call for a ceasefire, call for a negotiation.

Google Translated

183. Biên bản ghi nhớ cuộc hội đàm1

Washington, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 1975, 10 giờ sáng - 12 giờ 50 chiều

NGƯỜI THAM GIA

Tổng thống

Thượng nghị sĩ John J. Sparkman (Đảng Dân chủ–Alabama)

Thượng nghị sĩ Clifford P. Case (Đảng Cộng hòa–New Jersey)

Thượng nghị sĩ Hubert Humphrey (Đảng Dân chủ–Minnesota)

John O. Marsh, Cố vấn Tổng thống

Max Friedersdorf, Trợ lý Tổng thống, Vụ Các vấn đề Lập pháp

Trung tướng Brent Scowcroft, Phó Trợ lý Tổng thống về An ninh Quốc gia

CHỦ ĐỀ

Viện trợ cho Campuchia

[Tướng Scowcroft đến muộn]

Tổng thống: Tôi e rằng chúng ta không có thời gian và cần phải thử một chiến lược khác. Tôi hiểu ngài cũng đang nghĩ như vậy. Cliff đã gọi cho tôi...

Humphrey: Chúng tôi đã liên lạc chặt chẽ. Chúng tôi sẽ tổ chức các phiên điều trần công khai. Cá nhân tôi nghĩ Lon Nol là một kẻ vô dụng. Tôi rất thông cảm với người dân Campuchia. Tôi nghĩ hy vọng duy nhất là ông hoặc Bộ trưởng nỗ lực công khai để đạt được lệnh ngừng bắn. Những nỗ lực riêng tư này là không đủ. Tôi đã nói chuyện với Habib và Larry. Chúng tôi biết về họ, nhưng Quốc hội thì không và người dân cũng không.

Sparkman: Habib để lại cho tôi cùng một bài báo mà ông ấy đã công khai. Có vẻ như bây giờ họ đang cố đổ lỗi cho Quốc hội. Tôi chưa bao giờ nghe nói về điều gì vào năm 1973. Còn anh, Cliff?

Case: Không.

Humphrey: Đừng nhắc lại chuyện cũ nữa. Tôi nghĩ tất cả những gì chúng ta có thể làm là tìm cách để mọi chuyện lắng xuống một cách dễ dàng và không để nó trông giống như một sự thoái thác trách nhiệm. Chúng ta phải công khai kêu gọi ngừng bắn. Chúng ta phải yêu cầu Lon Nol từ chức. Chúng ta phải thành lập một chính phủ mới để đàm phán với Sihanouk và phe đối lập. Chúng ta sẽ phải cung cấp đủ viện trợ để họ không sụp đổ. Nhưng chúng ta không có đủ phiếu bầu. Tất cả những gì chúng ta có thể làm là tạm thời hoãn lại các giới hạn. [Trang 672]

Sparkman: Tôi không đồng ý rằng chúng ta có thể yêu cầu Lon Nol từ chức. Tôi ủng hộ đề nghị của anh. Tôi đã nói chuyện với Mahon hôm nọ. Tôi nghĩ việc kêu gọi ngừng bắn là được.

Humphrey: Nhưng Đại sứ phải nói với Lon Nol rằng ông ta phải sẵn sàng từ chức.

Sparkman: Chúng ta không thể ở vị trí điều hành chính phủ đó.

Case: Tôi nghĩ Tổng thống hoặc Bộ trưởng phải thúc đẩy công khai. Tôi không nghĩ chúng ta có thể công khai đẩy Lon Nol ra. Tôi nghĩ chúng ta phải tóm tắt những gì chúng ta đã làm về Sihanouk—để đây không phải là một sự ăn năn trên giường bệnh. Tôi đồng ý rằng điều tốt nhất chúng ta có thể làm là nâng trần tình hình. Tôi nghĩ một vài lời về tội ác của Cộng sản sẽ hữu ích—những câu chuyện về việc cắm đầu lên giáo. Báo chí không đưa tin về những chuyện này—chỉ có chủ nghĩa đế quốc Mỹ.

Tổng thống: Ngay cả Bella cũng bị chấn động bởi tội ác của Khmer Đỏ. Millicent Fenwick nói rằng bà ấy luôn phản đối viện trợ nhưng ông nên nghe bà ấy lo sợ rằng hàng trăm nghìn người sẽ bị thảm sát. Hồ sơ cho thấy những nỗ lực của chúng ta—không quan trọng ai là người có lỗi. Bella nói, "Sao không viện trợ nhân đạo luôn đi?" Tôi nói "Ông không thể giải quyết theo cách này được. Ông cũng phải gửi viện trợ quân sự và các loại khác nữa." Tôi đồng ý rằng chúng ta cần viện trợ nhân đạo quy mô lớn nếu chúng ta có thể giành được phiếu bầu.

Humphrey: Tôi đồng ý.

Sparkman: Hatfield có một đề nghị để đưa vấn đề này vào đó theo Điều II.

Tổng thống: Đúng vậy, nhưng ông phải cung cấp cho người dân vũ khí để mọi thứ không sụp đổ. Brent, chuyện gì đang xảy ra vậy?

[Scowcroft mô tả tình hình hiện tại.]

Humphrey: Chúng ta phải thay đổi tình hình. Chúng ta không có đủ phiếu bầu. Hãy đưa Long Boret vào.

Sparkman: Tôi không nghĩ điều đó có thể được thực hiện một cách công khai. Tôi ghét ý tưởng Hatfield.

Humphrey: Tôi nghĩ chúng ta phải lật đổ Lon Nol, thành lập một chính phủ liên minh quốc gia và công khai kêu gọi ngừng bắn.

Sparkman: Tôi đồng ý, nhưng không thể làm điều đó một cách công khai.

Vụ án: Nếu Tổng thống có thể nói rằng Lon Nol không phải là rào cản, điều đó sẽ hữu ích.

Tổng thống: Tôi đang tổ chức một cuộc họp báo. Chúng ta sẽ sắp xếp những gì cần nói. Hãy cung cấp thật nhiều viện trợ nhân đạo. Nhưng chúng ta phải cung cấp vũ khí để họ không sụp đổ trong khi các cuộc đàm phán đang diễn ra. [Trang 673]

Case: Nhưng tôi nghĩ chúng ta cần phải thực hiện những nỗ lực mà chúng ta đã thực hiện trong quá khứ.

Chủ tịch: Chúng ta có thể làm được điều đó.

Sparkman: Hôm nay chúng ta không nên triệu tập toàn thể ủy ban sao? Tôi nghĩ chúng ta có thể thông qua ủy ban sau tuyên bố của Chủ tịch.

[Đã có thêm thảo luận về việc lật đổ Lon Nol]

Sparkman: Tại sao không? Theo các báo cáo, Tổng thống sẵn sàng từ chức và thành lập một liên minh.

Humphrey: Cứ đổ lỗi cho Khmer Đỏ—họ đã nói rằng họ phải loại bỏ Lon Nol để đàm phán. Chính phủ đã nói rằng họ sẽ thay đổi nếu điều đó là cần thiết để đàm phán.

Tổng thống: Chúng ta phải cung cấp cho họ đạn dược để giữ vững khu vực ngoại vi.

Sparkman: Tôi đồng ý với Humphrey, nhưng vấn đề phải được giải quyết theo cách này:

—Trình bày hồ sơ đàm phán;

—Xây dựng một chương trình để nỗ lực dỡ bỏ giới hạn viện trợ kinh tế và hỗ trợ quân sự.

—Chuyển sang một cuộc tấn công công khai—kêu gọi ngừng bắn, kêu gọi đàm phán.

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d183

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_672

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_673

Thân thế (các) nhân vật/

Abzug, Bella S.,

Democratic Representative from New York

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Abzug

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://www.congress.gov/member/bella-abzug/A000018

https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=a000018

https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/8276

Jewish Women's Archive

https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/abzug

Case, Clifford P.,

Republican Senator from New Jersey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_P._Case

https://www.senate.gov/senators/featured-biographies.htm

https://www.senate.gov/senators/FeaturedBios/Featured_Bio_CaseClifford.htm

https://www.congress.gov/member/clifford-case/C000220

https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/your_columbians/clifford_case.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly

https://www.senate.gov/senators/FeaturedBios/Featured_Bio_CaseClifford.htm

https://www.senate.gov/senators/featured-biographies.htm

Eagleburger, Lawrence S.,

member, National Security Council staff from June 1973; Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State from October 1973; Acting Deputy Under Secretary for Management from February 1975 until May 1975; Under Secretary of State for Management from May 1975, Staff Member, Office of the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/eagleburger-lawrence-sidney

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger

https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/40402.htm

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v38p2/d118

Fenwick, Millicent H.,

Republican Representative from New Jersey from January 3, 1975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Fenwick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Agencies_for_Food_and_Agriculture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Agencies_for_Food_and_Agriculture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly

https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/millicent_fenwick/404036

https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/f000078

https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fenwick-millicent-1910-1992

https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/nomination-millicent-fenwick-rank-ambassador-while-serving-united-states

Ford Gerald R.,

Republican Representative from Michigan until October 13, 1973; House Minority Leader until October 13, 1973; Vice President of the United States from October 13, 1973, until August 8, 1974; President of the United States from August 8, 1974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Minority_Leader

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_Republican_Conference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_of_the_House_Republican_Conference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/gerald-r-ford/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/gerald-r-ford-biography/

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/timeline.asp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford

https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/modern-biographical-files-ndl/modern-bios-f/ford-gerald.html

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/ford_vp_papers.asp

Friedersdorf, Max,

White House Special Assistant for Congressional Relations until 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President for the House of Representatives from 1973 until 1974, Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs from 1975

https://www.fec.gov/about/leadership-and-structure/max-l-friedersdorf/

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/friedersdorfmfiles.asp

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/friedersdorfmpapers.asp

https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/max-friedersdorf-oral-history

https://s3.amazonaws.com/web.poh.transcripts/Friedersdorf_Max.Rearchived.pdf

https://s3.amazonaws.com/web.poh.briefingbooks/ohp_2002_1024_friedersdorf.pdf

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/persons

https://www.franklinschools.org/site/Default.aspx?PageID=1831

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve14p2/persons

Habib, Philip C.,

member, U.S. Delegation to the Paris Peace Talks from May 1968 until October 1971; Ambassador to Korea from September 30, 1971, until August 19, 1974; Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs from September 27, 1974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_C._Habib

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Political_Affairs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Korea

https://diplomacy.state.gov/u-s-diplomact-philip-c-habib-presidential-medal-of-freedom-winner/

https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_forums/13/

https://www.arabamerica.com/arabamericans/philip-habib-3/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-Charles-Habib

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/habib-philip-charles

Hatfield, Mark O.,

Republican Senator from Oregon

https://www.senate.gov/senators/FeaturedBios/Featured_Bio_HatfieldMark.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hatfield

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon

https://president.uoregon.edu/honorary-degrees/mark-o-hatfield

https://www.pdx.edu/hatfield-school/about-senator-mark-hatfield

https://www.ohs.org/museum/exhibits/mark-hatfield.cfm

https://www.congress.gov/member/mark-hatfield/H000343

https://www.k-state.edu/landon/speakers/mark-hatfield/

https://www.ohs.org/events/mark-hatfield-oregon-statesman.cfm

Humphrey, Hubert H.,

Democratic Senator from Minnesota

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate#Deputy_president_pro_tempore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Minneapolis

https://www.senate.gov/senators/FeaturedBios/Featured_Bio_HumphreyHubert.htm

https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/hubert-h-humphrey

https://www.mnopedia.org/person/humphrey-hubert-h-1911-1978

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hubert-Humphrey

https://www.thoughtco.com/hubert-humphrey-biography-4174360

https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/people/humphrey-hubert-h

https://mn.gov/law-library-stat/archive/urlarchive/a111831-3.PDF

https://libguides.mnhs.org/hhh/overview

Lon Nol,

General, Cambodian Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense, June 1969; led coup that deposed Prince Norodom Sihanouk in March 1970; Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense after March 18, 1970; President of Khmer Republic from 1972 until 1975

Long Boret,

Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic

4/11/75 - Phnom Penh Evacuation

Mahon, George H.,

Democratic Representative from Texas; Chairman of the House Appropriations Committee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Mahon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_State_House_of_Representatives

https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mahon-george-herman

https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=M000065

https://www.hsutx.edu/about-hsu/george-herman-mahon/

https://www.congress.gov/member/george-mahon/M000065?s=1&r=31

Marsh, John O., Jr.,

Counselor to the President from August 1974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O._Marsh_Jr.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-o-marsh-jr-presidential-conscience-and-army-secretary-dies-at-92/2019/02/04/2e1c97ce-28b4-11e9-8eef-0d74f4bf0295_story.html

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/digital-research-room/finding-aids/john-marsh-files-1974-77

https://rfpb.defense.gov/Board-Biographies/marsh/

https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/17508?current_search_qs=%3FCommand%2525%26PreviousSearch%3DSearch%252cLastName%252c%252c%252c%252c%252cFalse%252cFalse%252cFalse%252c%252cMostRecommended%26CurrentPage%3D581%26SortOrder%3DMostRecommended%26ResultType%3DGrid%26Command%3DNext

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/retired-trustees/john-marsh-jr

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/obituaries/john-o-marsh-dead.html

https://www.winchesterstar.com/winchester_star/former-army-secretary-marsh-dies-at-92/article_ee2e68c0-d1ca-58c7-9b5b-b43f0bc27db4.html

https://columns.wlu.edu/former-army-secretary-john-o-marsh-jr-51l-dies-at-92/

Passman, Otto E.,

Democratic Representative from Louisiana; Chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Passman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives

https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/14/obituaries/otto-passman-88-louisiana-congressman-who-fought-spending.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/08/14/ex-rep-otto-passman-foe-of-foreign-aid-dies/2907e3df-4e63-41e7-a0ce-9c0a395ce35a/

https://www.congress.gov/member/otto-passman/P000098?s=1&r=77

https://www.outlived.org/person/otto-passman-115660

Scowcroft, Brent,

General, USAF, Military Assistant to the President until 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from August 1973 until 1975

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/brent-scowcroft-and-american-military-intervention/

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/blame-it-on-the-blob-how-to-evaluate-american-grand-strategy/

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/about-asg/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/piab/

https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bartholomew-sparrow/the-strategist/9781586489632/

http://web1.millercenter.org/poh/transcripts/ohp_1999_1112_scowcroft.pdf

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/us/politics/brent-scowcroft.html

https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/remembering-brent-scowcrofts-accomplishments-on-arms-control

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-13/scowcroft-model

https://archive.org/stream/towercommission00unit?ref=ol#mode/2up

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/253135/the-man-who-ran-washington-by-peter-baker-and-susan-glasser/9780385540551

https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/philip-zelikow/to-build-a-better-world/9781538764688/

https://toda.org/assets/files/resources/policy-briefs/t-pb-23_susan-koch_presidential-nuclear-initiatives-1991-92.pdf

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/617544/margaret-thatcher-volume-3-by-charles-moore/9780241324745

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.amazon.com/When-World-Seemed-New-George-dp-1328511650/dp/1328511650/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/22029/a-world-transformed-by-george-hw--bush-and-brent-scowcroft/

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/War-in-a-Time-of-Peace/David-Halberstam/9781501141508

https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Inderfurth,Karl%20F.toc.pdf

https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1029371773228069195

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/25/opinion/the-right-way-to-change-a-regime.html

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/592622/to-start-a-war-by-robert-draper/

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de9b/be3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf

https://www.ft.com/content/de843f6e-0be1-4667-8a9f-f397cf840e72

https://www.houseofnames.com/brent-family-crest

https://www.houseofnames.com/dpreview/BRENT/EN/Brent/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png

https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/prod/520x520/surnamecomplete_gold.webp

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/lt-general-brent-scowcroft/

https://dpaa-mil.sites.crmforce.mil/dpaaProfile?id=a0Jt000000sxxIFEAY

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/7505562.pdf

https://news.virginia.edu/content/uvas-miller-center-releases-secret-brent-scowcroft-oral-history

https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/08/the-quiet-mastermind-how-brent-scowcroft-redefined-the-art-of-grand-strategy

Sihanouk, Prince Norodom,

Norodom Sihanouk,

King of Cambodia to March 1955, thereafter Prince of Cambodia; Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, October 1955–January 1956; Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, and Minister of the Interior, March–April 1956; Prime Minister, September–October 1956; Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Plans, and Minister of the Interior, April–July 1957

Cambodian Head of State until March 1970; thereafter, leader of Cambodian Government in exile in Beijing

Prince, Head of State of Cambodia until March 18, 1970; thereafter, leader of the Cambodian government-in-exile in Beijing (GRUNK)

4/11/75 - Phnom Penh Evacuation

Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam Paris 27 January 1973

https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2001/10/12/656ccc0d-31ef-42a6-a3e9-ce5ee7d4fc80/publishable_en.pdf

Paris Peace Accords

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords

Peace Negotiations and the Paris Agreement

https://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/paris.html

Text of Declaration by Paris Conference on Vietnam

https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/03/archives/text-of-declaration-by-paris-conference-on-vietnam.html

Vietnam War Bibliography Translation Series