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20251012 CDTL RMN Biên Bản Cuộc Hợp Hội Đồng Điều Hành 20 September 1973 D107

20251012 CDTL RMN Biên Bản Cuộc Hợp Hội Đồng Điều Hành 20 September 1973 D107


107. Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting1

Washington, September 20, 1973, 3:51–4:16 p.m.

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d107

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_429

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_430

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_431

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_432

Washington, September 20, 1973, 3:51–4:16 p.m.

SUBJECT

  • Cambodia

PARTICIPANTS

  • Chairman
  • Henry A. Kissinger
  • State
  • William Porter
  • Arthur Hummel
  • Defense
  • William Clements
  • Robert Hill
  • V/Adm. Ray Peet
  • JCS
  • Adm. John P. Weinel
  • CIA
  • William Nelson
  • George Carver
  • NSC
  • General Brent Scowcroft
  • Richard Kennedy
  • William Stearman
  • James Barnum

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

It was agreed that:

  • —we would request Congressional authority (under the Defense Procurement Authorization Act) to draw on DOD stocks under the MASF authority;2
  • —that Defense would prepare a memorandum asking for White House support on the above;3
  • —intelligence flights over Laos would continue at the 1–14 September level until there is evidence of North Vietnamese withdrawals.

Mr. Kissinger: Would you like to brief us? (to Mr. Nelson)

Mr. Nelson: Briefed from the attached text.4

Mr. Kissinger: (Referring to a statement in the briefing that the performance of government ground, naval, and air elements at Kompong [Page 429] Cham should have some tonic effect on military and civilian morale) Do you think FANK resistance was helped because of the rainy season?

Mr. Clements: No! FANK did a damn good job up there. I’d like to . . .

Mr. Carver: I think the rains are having an ancillary effect, but FANK did a good job. Kompong Cham was a real plus for FANK.

Mr. Kissinger: Bill (to Mr. Clements), what was it you wanted to say?

Mr. Clements: Bob (Mr. Hill) and I just got back from there, as you know. Dennis Doolin was with us too. One of the first things we did was to visit with (General) Vogt at his headquarters. Our reports show that FANK morale picked up at Kompong Cham. Government troops fought well, better than any of us around this table thought they could. Communist casualties were high; government casualties relatively low. There’s only one thing that Vogt can fault them on; they just can’t get with this conscription thing. They want to start at the age of twenty-five. It’s a hell of an issue there, and we’ve got to get them to dip down into the lower ages. Vogt also said that the Thais are willing to help out more on training. They’re going to stress the 60 to 90-day training cycle—particularly artillery training. Their artillery is terrible. Some of Vogt’s men had to physically go in and get some 155s out of the warehouse. They didn’t even know where they were. When they were finally located, they had no sights. The ramrods were in another place. This (FANK) organization needs more artillery. They’re in terrible shape there. But, FANK came out of there (Kompong Cham) with a sense of confidence and needed optimism that they heretofore have not shown. Let me make one final point. They (FANK) have come around, and I credit John Vogt and his command. They have done far more than they get credit for. They’re flying in there daily briefing them on what’s going on.

Mr. Kissinger: They’re doing a good job, no?

Mr. Clements: You’re damn right. They’re doing an outstanding job, particularly on tactical intelligence. In my opinion, the only reason Phnom Penh and the government has survived is because of this.

Mr. Kissinger: We better not get you on another trip until after my confirmation.5 You’re too optimistic.

Adm. Weinel: Are we sure he’s absolutely within his right going into Cambodia?

[Page 430]

Mr. Clements: John Vogt) is sure he’s acting within the letter of the law.

Mr. Kissinger: I know the WSAG makes decisions but it’s no out for internal defense matters.

Adm. Weinel: I guess they get around it by calling it temporary duty. The significant thing lately is not the insurgent problem, but that the government is running out of ammunition.

Mr. Clements: That’s the number one issue. They’re shooting up $500,000 to $750,000 worth of the stuff a day. At that rate, they will be running out by the end of October. The problem, as I see it, is how—what strategy to use on Congress.

Adm. Weinel: A supplemental appropriation is the only way, right?

Gen. Scowcroft: Senator Stennis told Schlesinger that the best way would be to declare excess stocks.

Mr. Clements: Brent, you can’t do it that way.

Adm. Weinel: By declaring from excess stocks, you’ll get only five percent of what is required. It’s just not a winner.

Mr. Porter: Can’t we use the stuff in other Southeast Asian countries, like Taiwan or Korea?

Adm. Weinel: But are we in the right to do it that way?

Mr. Porter: It seems to me that we ought to ask for the supplemental appropriation or shake what we need out of those other countries.

Mr. Kissinger: It is absurd that we find ourselves in the position of having cut off the bombing, and then cutting off their ammunition as well. That would be a disgrace, and we can’t let it happen.

Mr. Clements: We have to address the problem and make an all out effort to get it through Congress.

Adm. Peet: We’ve picked up some support in the Foreign Relations Committee.

Adm. Weinel: We’ve got to get that $150 million authorization or they will be out of ammunition by 1 November. We don’t have time to monkey around on this thing.

Mr. Kissinger: As I see it, we have two choices: get it through a supplemental appropriation, or from Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam and pay them back.

Adm. Peet: But if Congress doesn’t act by 1 October we’ll be in trouble. We could try for special authorization to draw down DOD stocks. This would release about $150 million.

Mr. Kissinger: Will they (Congress) approve that?

Mr. Kennedy: It will be hard, but we can make it.

Mr. Kissinger: It will be the end of September soon. What can the White House do to help?

[Page 431]

Adm. Peet: Timmons has held it up.

Mr. Kissinger: (To General Scowcroft) Get Timmons to get this thing off the blocks. Why is the excess route no good?

Adm. Peet: Number one, it’s illegal, and number two, it’s a very small amount.

Mr. Clements: I think we ought to put the responsibility where it belongs—on Congress.

Mr. Kissinger: We need the ammunition, and we don’t have time to play games.

Mr. Clements: If we put it right, I think they (Congress) will buy it.

Mr. Kissinger: Do you need White House support?

Mr. Clements: Yes.

Mr. Kissinger: Give us a memo tomorrow, and we’ll send it up. Do you agree, Dick?

Mr. Kennedy: Absolutely! I told Korologos Tuesday6 we needed to push this.

Mr. Kissinger: Any problems coming in the General Assembly? I want to be able to supply satisfactory answers while I’m up there.

Mr. Hummel: The first thing up is the vote in the credentials committee. We figure it will divide 5 to 4 on our side. Most of the Southeast Asia countries have indicated their support for the GKR.

Mr. Kissinger: I didn’t think we had a chance with the Chinese intervening.

Mr. Hummel: The Chinese won’t be asked to join.

Mr. Kissinger: Is this a Chinese scheme to bring peace? There will have to be a reaction.

Mr. Hummel: Yes.

Mr. Clements: I have two quick things: Number one, reconnaissance in Laos.

Adm. Weinel: The question is not how much, but what kind.

Mr. Carver: We’ve already cut back, the question is, do we go back to the 1–14 September levels?

Mr. Clements: We’re already doing SR–71 flights and a few drones. U–2’s are not involved, are they?

Mr. Carver: The only authority we have is Buffalo Hunter drones. There are some SR–71 flights along the periphery.

[Page 432]

Mr. Kissinger: The President has said that he wants intelligence flights over Laos to continue at the 1 to 14 September level until we have evidence of North Vietnamese troop withdrawals.

General Scowcroft: Defense has been told about this.

Mr. Kissinger: Defense is not carrying out orders.

Mr. Clements: This is not true. We are maintaining flights at the September levels.

Mr. Kissinger: I want them to do what they were doing the first two weeks of September. We’ll cut down only when we are sure North Vietnamese troops are withdrawing.

Mr. Clements: I agree with you one-hundred percent.

Mr. Kissinger: The US is not going to carry out an agreement without compliance from the other side.

[Omitted here is material unrelated to Vietnam.]

Google Translate

Washington, ngày 20 tháng 9 năm 1973, 3:51 chiều–4:16 chiều

CHỦ ĐỀ

Campuchia

THÀNH VIÊN THAM DỰ

Chủ tọa

Henry A. Kissinger

Bộ Ngoại giao

William Porter

Arthur Hummel

Bộ Quốc phòng

William Clements

Robert Hill

Đô đốc Ray Peet

Tham mưu trưởng Liên quân

Đô đốc John P. Weinel

CIA

William Nelson

George Carver

Hội đồng An ninh Quốc gia

Tướng Brent Scowcroft

Richard Kennedy

William Stearman

James Barnum

TỔNG KẾT

Chúng tôi đã thống nhất rằng:

—chúng tôi sẽ yêu cầu Quốc hội cho phép (theo Đạo luật Ủy quyền Mua sắm Quốc phòng) sử dụng kho dự trữ của Bộ Quốc phòng theo thẩm quyền của MASF;

—Bộ Quốc phòng sẽ soạn thảo một bản ghi nhớ yêu cầu Tòa Bạch Ốc hỗ trợ về vấn đề trên;

—các chuyến bay tình báo trên bầu trời Lào sẽ tiếp tục ở mức từ ngày 1 đến ngày 14 tháng 9 cho đến khi có bằng chứng về việc Bắc Việt Nam rút quân.

Ông Kissinger: Ông có muốn tóm tắt cho chúng tôi không? (nói với ông Nelson)

Ông Nelson: Tóm tắt từ văn bản đính kèm.

Ông Kissinger: (Đề cập đến một tuyên bố trong cuộc họp báo rằng hoạt động của các lực lượng bộ binh, hải quân và không quân của chính phủ tại Kompong Cham

[Trang 429] sẽ có tác động tích cực đến tinh thần quân đội và dân sự) Ông có nghĩ rằng sự kháng cự của FANK được hỗ trợ nhờ mùa mưa không?

Ông Clements: Không! FANK đã làm rất tốt ở đó. Tôi muốn...

Ông Carver: Tôi nghĩ mưa chỉ có tác động phụ, nhưng FANK đã làm rất tốt. Kompong Cham thực sự là một điểm cộng cho FANK.

Ông Kissinger: Bill (nói với ông Clements), ông muốn nói gì?

Ông Clements: Bob (ông Hill) và tôi vừa trở về từ đó, như các bạn đã biết. Dennis Doolin cũng đi cùng chúng tôi. Một trong những việc đầu tiên chúng tôi làm là đến thăm (Tướng) Vogt tại tổng hành dinh của ông. Báo cáo của chúng tôi cho thấy tinh thần của FANK đã tăng lên tại Kompong Cham. Quân chính phủ đã chiến đấu tốt, tốt hơn bất kỳ ai trong số chúng tôi ngồi quanh bàn này nghĩ rằng họ có thể làm được. Thương vong của phe Cộng sản cao; thương vong của phe chính phủ tương đối thấp. Chỉ có một điều mà Vogt có thể chê trách họ; họ không thể làm được chuyện nghĩa vụ quân sự này. Họ muốn bắt đầu ở độ tuổi hai mươi lăm. Đó là một vấn đề rất lớn ở đó, và chúng tôi phải khiến họ giảm xuống độ tuổi thấp hơn. Vogt cũng nói rằng người Thái sẵn sàng giúp đỡ nhiều hơn về mặt huấn luyện.

Họ sẽ nhấn mạnh vào chu kỳ huấn luyện 60 đến 90 ngày—đặc biệt là huấn luyện pháo binh. Pháo binh của họ rất tệ. Một số người của Vogt đã phải đích thân vào và lấy một số khẩu 155 ra khỏi kho. Họ thậm chí còn không biết chúng ở đâu. Khi cuối cùng được định vị, chúng không có tầm nhìn. Các khẩu súng thông nòng ở một nơi khác. Tổ chức (FANK) này cần thêm pháo binh. Họ đang ở trong tình trạng tồi tệ ở đó. Nhưng, FANK đã rời khỏi đó (Kompong Cham) với cảm giác tự tin và cần sự lạc quan mà trước đây họ chưa thể hiện. Hãy để tôi nói thêm một điểm cuối cùng. Họ (FANK) đã thay đổi, và tôi ghi nhận John Vogt và sự chỉ huy của ông ấy. Họ đã làm được nhiều hơn những gì họ được ghi nhận. Họ bay đến đó hàng ngày để tóm tắt những gì đang diễn ra.

Ông Kissinger: Họ đang làm rất tốt, phải không?

Ông Clements: Ông nói đúng. Họ đang làm rất xuất sắc, đặc biệt là về tình báo chiến thuật. Theo tôi, lý do duy nhất giúp Phnom Penh và chính phủ tồn tại được là nhờ điều này.

Ông Kissinger: Tốt hơn hết là chúng ta không nên đưa ông đi thêm một chuyến nào nữa cho đến sau khi tôi được phê chuẩn. Ông lạc quan quá đấy.

Đô đốc Weinel: Chúng ta có chắc chắn rằng ông ấy hoàn toàn có quyền vào Campuchia không? [Trang 430]

Ông Clements: John Vogt chắc chắn rằng ông ấy đang hành động theo đúng luật pháp.

Ông Kissinger: Tôi biết WSAG đưa ra quyết định nhưng không có chỗ cho các vấn đề phòng thủ nội bộ.

Đô đốc Weinel: Tôi đoán họ lách luật bằng cách gọi đó là nghĩa vụ tạm thời. Vấn đề quan trọng gần đây không phải là vấn đề quân nổi dậy, mà là chính phủ đang cạn kiệt đạn dược.

Ông Clements: Đó là vấn đề số một. Họ đang bơm khoảng 500.000 đến 750.000 đô la mỗi ngày. Với tốc độ đó, họ sẽ cạn kiệt vào cuối tháng 10. Vấn đề, theo tôi thấy, là làm thế nào—sử dụng chiến lược nào đối với Quốc hội.

Đô đốc Weinel: Khoản phân bổ bổ sung là cách duy nhất, phải không?

Tướng Scowcroft: Thượng nghị sĩ Stennis đã nói với Schlesinger rằng cách tốt nhất là khai báo lượng dự trữ dư thừa.

Ông Clements: Brent, ông không thể làm theo cách đó.

Đô đốc Weinel: Bằng cách khai báo lượng dự trữ dư thừa, ông sẽ chỉ nhận được 5% số lượng cần thiết. Đó không phải là giải pháp khả thi.

Ông Porter: Chúng ta không thể sử dụng những thứ này ở các nước Đông Nam Á khác, như Đài Loan hay Hàn Quốc sao?

Đô đốc Weinel: Nhưng chúng ta có quyền làm như vậy không?

Ông Porter: Tôi thấy chúng ta nên yêu cầu khoản ngân sách bổ sung hoặc rút bớt những gì chúng ta cần khỏi các nước khác.

Ông Kissinger: Thật vô lý khi chúng ta rơi vào tình thế đã cắt đứt việc ném bom, rồi lại cắt đứt luôn cả đạn dược của họ. Điều đó thật đáng xấu hổ, và chúng ta không thể để điều đó xảy ra.

Ông Clements: Chúng ta phải giải quyết vấn đề và nỗ lực hết sức để Quốc hội thông qua.

Đô đốc Peet: Chúng ta đã nhận được sự ủng hộ từ Ủy ban Đối ngoại.

Đô đốc Weinel: Chúng ta phải có được khoản ngân sách 150 triệu đô la, nếu không họ sẽ hết đạn dược vào ngày 1 tháng 11. Chúng ta không có thời gian để chần chừ trong chuyện này.

Ông Kissinger: Theo tôi thấy, chúng ta có hai lựa chọn: nhận khoản ngân sách bổ sung, hoặc từ Hàn Quốc, Đài Loan và Việt Nam và trả lại cho họ.

Đô đốc Peet: Nhưng nếu Quốc hội không hành động trước ngày 1 tháng 10, chúng ta sẽ gặp rắc rối. Chúng ta có thể xin ủy quyền đặc biệt để rút bớt cổ phiếu của Bộ Quốc phòng. Việc này sẽ giải phóng khoảng 150 triệu đô la.

Ông Kissinger: Liệu Quốc hội có chấp thuận điều đó không?

Ông Kennedy: Sẽ rất khó, nhưng chúng ta có thể làm được.

Ông Kissinger: Sắp hết tháng 9 rồi. Nhà Trắng có thể làm gì để giúp đỡ? [Trang 431]

Đô đốc Peet: Timmons đã trì hoãn việc này.

Ông Kissinger: (Nói với Tướng Scowcroft) Hãy bảo Timmons giải quyết vấn đề này ngay lập tức. Tại sao tuyến đường vượt mức lại không hiệu quả?

Đô đốc Peet: Thứ nhất, nó bất hợp pháp, và thứ hai, nó chỉ là một khoản rất nhỏ.

Ông Clements: Tôi nghĩ chúng ta nên giao trách nhiệm cho Quốc hội.

Ông Kissinger: Chúng ta cần đạn dược, và chúng ta không có thời gian để đùa giỡn.

Ông Clements: Nếu chúng ta giải quyết ổn thỏa, tôi nghĩ họ (Quốc hội) sẽ chấp nhận.

Ông Kissinger: Ông có cần sự hỗ trợ của Tòa Bạch Ốc không?

Ông Clements: Có.

Ông Kissinger: Hãy gửi cho chúng tôi một bản ghi nhớ vào ngày mai, chúng tôi sẽ gửi lên. Ông có đồng ý không, Dick?

Ông Kennedy: Nhất định! Tôi đã nói với Korologos hôm thứ Ba, ngày 6, rằng chúng ta cần thúc đẩy việc này.

Ông Kissinger: Có vấn đề gì phát sinh tại Đại hội đồng không? Tôi muốn có thể cung cấp những câu trả lời thỏa đáng khi tôi ở đó.

Ông Hummel: Điều đầu tiên cần làm là bỏ phiếu tại ủy ban thẩm định. Chúng tôi dự đoán tỷ lệ phiếu bầu sẽ là 5-4 nghiêng về phía chúng tôi. Hầu hết các nước Đông Nam Á đã bày tỏ sự ủng hộ đối với GKR.

Ông Kissinger: Tôi không nghĩ chúng ta có cơ hội với sự can thiệp của Trung Quốc.

Ông Hummel: Trung Quốc sẽ không bị yêu cầu tham gia.

Ông Kissinger: Đây có phải là một âm mưu của Trung Quốc nhằm mang lại hòa bình không? Sẽ phải có phản ứng.

Ông Hummel: Đúng vậy.

Ông Clements: Tôi có hai điều cần nói nhanh: Thứ nhất, trinh sát ở Lào.

Đô đốc Weinel: Vấn đề không phải là bao nhiêu, mà là loại nào.

Ông Carver: Chúng ta đã cắt giảm rồi, vấn đề là, liệu chúng ta có quay lại mức độ từ ngày 1 đến ngày 14 tháng 9 không?

Ông Clements: Chúng ta đã thực hiện các chuyến bay SR-71 và một vài máy bay không người lái. Máy bay U-2 không tham gia, phải không?

Ông Carver: Thẩm quyền duy nhất chúng ta có là máy bay không người lái Buffalo Hunter. Có một số chuyến bay SR-71 dọc theo vùng ngoại vi. [Trang 432]

Ông Kissinger: Tổng thống đã nói rằng ông ấy muốn các chuyến bay tình báo trên Lào tiếp tục ở mức độ từ ngày 1 đến ngày 14 tháng 9 cho đến khi chúng ta có bằng chứng về việc rút quân của Bắc Việt Nam.

Tướng Scowcroft: Bộ Quốc phòng đã được thông báo về việc này.

Ông Kissinger: Bộ Quốc phòng không thực hiện mệnh lệnh.

Ông Clements: Điều này không đúng. Chúng tôi đang duy trì các chuyến bay ở mức của tháng Chín.

Ông Kissinger: Tôi muốn họ làm những gì họ đã làm trong hai tuần đầu tháng Chín. Chúng tôi chỉ cắt giảm khi chắc chắn quân đội Bắc Việt đang rút lui.

Ông Clements: Tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý với ông.

Ông Kissinger: Hoa Kỳ sẽ không thực hiện một thỏa thuận nếu không có sự tuân thủ từ phía bên kia.

[Bỏ sót ở đây là nội dung không liên quan đến Việt Nam.]

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d107

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_429

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_430

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_431

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/pg_432

Thân thế (các) nhân vật/

Barnum, James,

member, National Security Council staff

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/finding-aids/national-security-council-files

https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/history.html

https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/LWP-3-The-National-Security-Council-Staff-Structure-and-Functions.pdf

https://world101.cfr.org/foreign-policy/us-foreign-policy/what-national-security-council

Carver, George A., Jr.,

Special Assistant for Vietnamese Affairs to the Director of Central Intelligence

https://www.cia.gov/static/1768c7c6f5560bafdc7c57afc7b0f1d6/CIA-and-the-Vietnam-Policymakers.pdf

https://www.cia.gov/static/1768c7c6f5560bafdc7c57afc7b0f1d6/CIA-and-the-Vietnam-Policymakers.pdf

https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/22665420-memo-to-the-director-from-george-a-carver-jr

https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/22676591/memo-to-the-director-from-george-a-carver-jr.pdf

https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/22676591-memo-to-the-director-from-george-a-carver-jr

https://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/special.html

http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-easter-offensive-of-1972-a-failure-to-use-intelligence

https://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/special.html

http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-easter-offensive-of-1972-a-failure-to-use-intelligence

http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/367/3670930001a.pdf

http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/humint-a-continuing-crisis

http://calldp.leavenworth.army.mil/eng_mr/txts/VOL46/00000008/art11.pdf

http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/1690/16900108001.pdf

http://calldp.leavenworth.army.mil/eng_mr/txts/VOL48/00000010/art11.pdf

https://vva.vietnam.ttu.edu/

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB121/index.htm

http://www.unz.org/PERIODICAL/PDF/WashingtonMonthly-1970jul/70-78/

https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10210023001751937&set=pcb.827486950737428

http://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/About/History/Number%202%20The%20Vietnam%20Cauldron.pdf

http://calldp.leavenworth.army.mil/eng_mr/txts/VOL54/00000009/art7.pdf

http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1408/

https://ni-u.edu/ni_press/pdf/Interrogation_WWII.pdf

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/23_15.pdf

https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-easter-offensive-of-1972-a-failure-to-use-intelligence

https://citizendium.org/wiki/U.S._intelligence_activities_in_Vietnam

https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/22685754-letter-to-mr-george-a-carver-from-herman-kahn-of-hudson-institute

Clements, William P., Jr.,

Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1973

https://ns.clementspapers.org/about

https://www.clementscenter.org/william-clements-jr/

https://history.defense.gov/DOD-History/Deputy-Secretaries-of-Defense/Article-View/Article/585224/william-p-clements-jr/

https://www.clementscenter.org/clements-digitization-project/

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v35/d193

https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/clements-william-perry-jr-bill

https://clementspapers.org/

Hill, Robert C.,

Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from May 11, 1973, until January 5, 1974

https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/agents/people/1226

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_International_Security_Affairs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Hill

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Costa_Rica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_El_Salvador

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Mexico

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Argentina

Hummel, Arthur W., Jr.,

Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs until 1975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Jr.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Pakistan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Ethiopia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Burma

https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/12046.htm

https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-arthur-w-hummel-jr-be-united-states-ambassador-the-peoples-republic-china

https://www.uscpf.org/v2/hummelbio.html

https://uscpf.org/v3/hummel_bio/

Kennedy, Richard T.,

Colonel, USA, member, National Security Council staff; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Council planning from 1973 until 1975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_T._Kennedy

https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4000034s/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Management

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kennedy-richard-thomas

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kennedy-richard-thomas

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/under-secretary-for-mgmt

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/representative-to-iaea

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/ambassador-at-large

Henry A Kissinger

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs until November 3, 1975; also Secretary of State from September 21, 1973

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/20/bilderberg-meeting-group-lisbon-kissinger

https://www.theguardian.com/world/bilderberg

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve13/summary

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip

https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_node_featured/public/article/featured-image/kissinger-zhou-sm_0.jpg?itok=qDjPx2_m

https://china.usc.edu/catalog/documents/us-china

http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2001/nr01-47.html

https://china.usc.edu/talking-points-july-22-august-3-2011

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#meetings

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#nixon-announcement

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#chinese-accept

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#signals

https://china.usc.edu/getting-beijing-henry-kissingers-secret-1971-trip#the_aim

http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23927/richard-m-nixon/asia-after-viet-nam

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d4

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d12

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d13

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d141

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War

Lesson in Vietnam from Kissinger to Nixon: “when we made it “our war” we would not let the South Vietnamese fight it; when it again became “their war”, we would not help them fight it.”

(We also had trouble with excesses here: when we made it “our war” we would not let the South Vietnamese fight it; when it again became “their war,” we would not help them fight it. Ironically, we prepared the South Vietnamese for main force warfare after 1954 (anticipating another Korean-type attack), and they faced a political war; they had prepared themselves for political warfare after 1973 only to be faced with a main force invasion 20 years after it had been expected.)

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d280

Lesson of Vietnam May 12 1975 by Henry A. Kissinger

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/exhibits/vietnam/032400091-002.pdf

https://thebattleofkontum.com/extras/kissinger.html

“Richard M. Nixon and Kissinger on 3 August 1972,” Conversation 760-006, Presidential Recordings Digital Edition [Fatal Politics, ed. Ken Huges] (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014-). URL:https://prde.upress.virginia.edu/conversations/4006748 

https://player.vimeo.com/video/889937807?h=e44572c8f3&color=e57200&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0

https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/nixon-kissinger-and-the-decent-interval

https://player.vimeo.com/video/889937807?h=e44572c8f3&color=e57200&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0

Discover the Truth at:

http://www.theblackvault.com

https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-cias-vietnam-document-cd-rom/

Korologos, Tom C.,

Deputy Assistant to the President for Congressional Relations until 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs, 1974

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/tom-korologos/

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial-docs/oralhistory/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Tom-Korologos-1-and-2.pdf

https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/people/k/korologos-tom-c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_C._Korologos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Belgium

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/finding-aids/thomas-c-korologos-white-house-special-files-staff-member-and-office-files

https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-tom-c-korologos-be-member-the-united-states-advisory-commission-public

https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/board/tom-c-korologos/

https://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bios/k/34098.htm

https://millercenter.org/conversations/conversants/lawrence-f-larry-obrien-jr

Nelson, William E.,

Deputy Director of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency, 1973, Office of Asian Affairs, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency

https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/1973-12-21.pdf

https://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/19022-william-earl-nelson/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_CIA_for_Operations

Nixon Richard M.,

Vice President of the United States

https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon

https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/14-nov-68-lbj-and-nixon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/sets/14-november-1968-president-lyndon-johnson-and-president-elect-richard-nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/notes-indicate-nixon-interfered-1968-peace-talks-180961627/

https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/26l17xNsW8a8pOyGibbKE-32dgE=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/f4/cb/f4cb92c9-4131-4e0f-ae4a-307144393214/nixoncampaigns.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/peopleevents/e_paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-suggest-3595441/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21768668

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/09/dont_blame_nixon_for_scuttled_peace_overture_127667.html

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/bundy.htm

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/toc.htm

Nixon, Richard M.,

President of the United States

https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/100324.pdf

https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon

https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/14-nov-68-lbj-and-nixon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva/sets/14-november-1968-president-lyndon-johnson-and-president-elect-richard-nixon

https://soundcloud.com/the-miller-center-at-uva

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/notes-indicate-nixon-interfered-1968-peace-talks-180961627/

https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/26l17xNsW8a8pOyGibbKE-32dgE=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/f4/cb/f4cb92c9-4131-4e0f-ae4a-307144393214/nixoncampaigns.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/peopleevents/e_paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-suggest-3595441/

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/nixons-vietnam-treachery.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21768668

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/09/dont_blame_nixon_for_scuttled_peace_overture_127667.html

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/bundy.htm

https://www.lovethetruth.com/books/13_bloodlines/toc.htm

Nixon had a Trip to China from February 21 to 28 1972,

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/nixons-trip-china

http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10a.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10b.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1a.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1b.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-21-56.pdf

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10a.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-656-10b.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1a.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-92-1b.mp3

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/china-21-56.mp3

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault-vietnam/2023-03-24/movement-and-madman

The Vietnam War Johnson and Nixon Administrations Videos

March 2, 2016 Last Aired May 5, 2016

Reflections on Richard Nixon

https://www.c-span.org/program/the-presidency/reflections-on-richard-nixon/431130

July 16, 1973 Last Aired July 22, 2013

Senate Watergate Committee Testimony

https://www.c-span.org/program/vignette/senate-watergate-committee-testimony/316346

April 26, 2016 Last Aired June 5, 2016

Vietnam War Commander in Chief

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/vietnam-war-commanders-in-chief/439971

June 12, 2008 Last Aired July 22, 2013

Alexander Butterfield Oral History Interview, Part 2

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/alexander-butterfield-oral-history-interview-part-2/258425

June 12, 2008 Last Aired July 15, 2013

Alexander Butterfield Oral History Interview, Part 1

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/alexander-butterfield-oral-history-interview-part-1/257651

January 27, 2012 Last Aired June 11, 2012

President Nixon's Secret White House Tapes

https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/president-nixons-secret-white-house-tapes/277123

July 25, 1994 Last Aired June 20, 2008

Watergate: Corruption of American Politics

https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/watergate-corruption-of-american-politics/119480

February 16, 2003 Last Aired December 25, 2003

Presidential Tapes: Taping Systems History

https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/presidential-tapes-taping-systems-history/122572

Alexander Butterfield: The 60 Minutes Watergate Interview (1975)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss9AkLUmM4g

Watergate Hearing: Alexander Butterfield Testimony

https://www.c-span.org/clip/congress-investigates/watergate-hearing-alexander-butterfield-testimony/5118203

Alexander Butterfield Was ‘Worried To Death’ Testifying Against Nixon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c52oIe3Gj6w

How Nixon’s Invasion of Cambodia Triggered a Check on Presidential Power

Vietnam War Cambodia and Laos

https://www.history.com/articles/nixon-war-powers-act-vietnam-war-cambodia

Porter, William J.,

Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State from 1973 until 1974

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/under-secretary-for-political-affairs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Political_Affairs

https://1997-2001.state.gov/about_state/history/officers/usecpol.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Porter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Algeria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_South_Korea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Canada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/porter-william-james

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.,

President’s Special Assistant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr.

https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/may-2007/in-memoriam-arthur-m-schlesinger-jr

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d86

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/18285-national-security-archive-doc-02-memorandum

file:///C:/Users/nguye/Downloads/National-Security-Archive-Doc-02-Memorandum-from.pdf

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v12/d7

https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/mep/displaydoc.cfm?docid=erpn-artsch2

Scowcroft, Brent,

General, USAF, Military Assistant to the President until 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from August 1973 until 1975

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/brent-scowcroft-and-american-military-intervention/

https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/blame-it-on-the-blob-how-to-evaluate-american-grand-strategy/

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/about-asg/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/piab/

https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bartholomew-sparrow/the-strategist/9781586489632/

http://web1.millercenter.org/poh/transcripts/ohp_1999_1112_scowcroft.pdf

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/us/politics/brent-scowcroft.html

https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/remembering-brent-scowcrofts-accomplishments-on-arms-control

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-13/scowcroft-model

https://archive.org/stream/towercommission00unit?ref=ol#mode/2up

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/253135/the-man-who-ran-washington-by-peter-baker-and-susan-glasser/9780385540551

https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/philip-zelikow/to-build-a-better-world/9781538764688/

https://toda.org/assets/files/resources/policy-briefs/t-pb-23_susan-koch_presidential-nuclear-initiatives-1991-92.pdf

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/617544/margaret-thatcher-volume-3-by-charles-moore/9780241324745

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.amazon.com/When-World-Seemed-New-George-dp-1328511650/dp/1328511650/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/22029/a-world-transformed-by-george-hw--bush-and-brent-scowcroft/

https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233827/post-wall-post-square

https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/War-in-a-Time-of-Peace/David-Halberstam/9781501141508

https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Inderfurth,Karl%20F.toc.pdf

https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1029371773228069195

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/25/opinion/the-right-way-to-change-a-regime.html

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/592622/to-start-a-war-by-robert-draper/

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de9b/be3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf

https://www.ft.com/content/de843f6e-0be1-4667-8a9f-f397cf840e72

https://www.houseofnames.com/brent-family-crest

https://www.houseofnames.com/dpreview/BRENT/EN/Brent/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png

https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/prod/520x520/surnamecomplete_gold.webp

https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/aspen-strategy-group/lt-general-brent-scowcroft/

https://dpaa-mil.sites.crmforce.mil/dpaaProfile?id=a0Jt000000sxxIFEAY

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/7505562.pdf

https://news.virginia.edu/content/uvas-miller-center-releases-secret-brent-scowcroft-oral-history

https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/08/the-quiet-mastermind-how-brent-scowcroft-redefined-the-art-of-grand-strategy

Stearman, William L.,

member, National Security Council staff

http://williamlstearman67.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Stearman

https://prabook.com/web/william_lloyd.stearman/595382

https://www.legion.org/magazine/233034/vietnam-war-reconsidered

https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Stearman,%20William%20Lloyd.toc.pdf

https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/William_L._Stearman

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v10/d108

Stennis, John C.,

Democratic Senator from Mississippi; Chairman, Senate Armed Services Committee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives

https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/24/obituaries/john-c-stennis-93-longtime-chairman-of-powerful-committees-in-the-senate-dies.html

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-24-mn-58241-story.html

https://www.congress.gov/member/john-stennis/S000852

https://sds17.pspa.msstate.edu/students/scholars09-10

Timmons, William,

Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Timmons_(lobbyist)

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/finding-aids/william-e-timmons-white-house-central-files-staff-member-and-office-files

https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-accepting-the-resignation-william-e-timmons-assistant-the-president

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/william-timmons

https://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial-docs/oralhistory/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Bill-Timmons.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Director_of_Legislative_Affairs

https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rf5vm4/

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/Timmons,%20William%20-%20Files.htm

https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/guidecollectionsn-z.asp

https://www.congress.gov/member/william-timmons/T000480?r=12

Vogt, John W., Jr.,

General, USA, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Vogt_Jr.

https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105348/general-john-w-vogt/

https://www.militarytimes.com/military-honor/salute-veterans/2017/11/02/this-general-challenged-the-president-and-saved-american-lives/

https://www.militarytimes.com/resizer/nntv2I37yAyN27Pi0nR5kcLsBt4=/1024x0/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/archetype/YBDQC4KUKFGKZBMGOCSANWPUKI.jpg

https://www.americanairmuseum.com/archive/person/john-william-vogt

https://www.geni.com/people/General-John-W-Vogt-Jr/6000000018037992875

https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/oral-history-interview-transcript-general-john-w-vogt-jr-conducted-8-9-august-1978/

https://secure.afa.org/Mitchell/Reports/1204vietnam.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam

Weinel, John P.,

Vice Admiral, USN, Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Weinel

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/169042393/john-philip-weinel

Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam Paris 27 January 1973

https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2001/10/12/656ccc0d-31ef-42a6-a3e9-ce5ee7d4fc80/publishable_en.pdf

Paris Peace Accords

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords

Peace Negotiations and the Paris Agreement

https://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/paris.html

Text of Declaration by Paris Conference on Vietnam

https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/03/archives/text-of-declaration-by-paris-conference-on-vietnam.html

Vietnam War Bibliography Translation Series

https://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/trans.html#fbis

Tiểu Đoàn 92 BĐQ Trung Tá Lê Văn Ngôn Với Huyền Thoại Tử Thủ 510 Ngày

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iq-IHTqo4es&t=2908s

20251008 Lê Văn Ngôn Hùng Khí Trời Nam

https://bachvietnhan.blogspot.com/2024/04/20240413-cdtl-hung-khi-troi-nam.html

20230322 Cong Dong Tham Luan Tonle Tchombe

https://bachvietnhan.blogspot.com/2023/03/20230322-cong-dong-tham-luan-tong-le.html

20170722 Lê Văn Ngôn với Tống Lệ Chân

https://bachvietnhan.blogspot.com/2017/07/20170722-le-van-ngon-voi-tong-le-chan.html

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